~ 80% of the total population
Predominantly in central and eastern Mongolia
Khalkha dialect of Mongolian (official language of Mongolia)
Traditionally nomadic herders, living in gers (yurts)
Famous for their horse culture, wrestling, archery, and throat singing (khöömei)
Khalkha is the dominant political and cultural group, shaping modern Mongolian identity
~ 3–5%
Northern Mongolia, especially Selenge and Khövsgöl provinces, near the Russian border
Buryat, closely related to Mongolian
Many practice Buddhism alongside traditional shamanistic beliefs
Livelihood includes animal husbandry, fishing, and small-scale agriculture
Buryat traditional clothing and festivals are distinct from Khalkha Mongols
~ 10–15%
Western Mongolia (e.g., Khovd, Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs)
Oirat dialects of Mongolic languages
Mostly nomadic pastoralists
Some subgroups are Muslim, especially in Bayan-Ölgii (Kazakh influence)
Rich tradition in wrestling, archery, and camel herding
Mainly Khovd Province
Known for their strong warrior heritage; historically significant in Western Mongolian politics
Khovd and Uvs Provinces
Known for traditional music and folk arts, unique dialect of Oirat
Western Mongolia
Livestock herding; some historical link to the Mongol Empire clans
~ 4–5%
Mainly Bayan-Ölgii Province in western Mongolia
Kazakh
Predominantly Sunni Muslim
Renowned for eagle hunting, horse riding, and felt crafts
Their festivals, like Golden Eagle Festival, are world-famous
Very small (~500 people)
Northern Mongolia, Khövsgöl Province, near the Russian border
Semi-nomadic reindeer herders
Maintain shamanistic traditions
Live in taiga forests in small family groups
Small groups near the western border
Indigenous hunter-gatherers and reindeer herders in northern Mongolia
Scattered, mostly assimilated into Khalkha majority
The majority of the population belongs to the Khalkha.
The Buryats are an indigenous Mongolic-speaking people native to the region around Lake Baikal.
The Durbet are a Western Mongol tribe. They are primarily located in the western part of Mongolia, near the border of Russia
The Zakhchin people is a branch of the Oirat Mongols who live in the Khovd Province of Mongolia.
Most of the Kazakhs live in Kazakhstan. Large communities can also be found in Mongolia, Ukraine and Russia.
The Tsaatan community is small, consisting of only a few hundred individuals.
The Bayad are an ethnic subgroup of the Oirat Mongols, numbering approximately 68,000 and primarily residing in western Mongolia
Chroniclers described the Oirats as some of the "forest people," which may be an origin for their name.